War, political authority, citizenship and the international relationships shaping African societies.
Kate Foster addresses the Security Council on Sudan, 16 October 2026
Image date: 2026-10-16.
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Musalia Mudavadi addresses the National Defence College in Karen, Nairobi, 14 October 2026
Image date: 2026-10-14.
Full frame preserved, converted to lossless WebP. Individual photographer not supplied by the publisher. Visible KDF watermark retained.
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Border fence Namibia Botswana (2018)
Historical record: 2018-10-19.
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Ghana foreign minister and UK High Commissioner, 9 October 2026
Image date: 2026-10-09.
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First page of the Tunisian Constitution of 1861
Historical record: 1861 (document; digitisation date unspecified).
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Witbooi-Journal-1-118.png
Historical record: 1891-05-20.
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Original image · Rights recordResearch priorities connect current developments to histories of state formation, coercion, social relations and political struggle. Each investigation defines its actors, place, dates and evidence.
Who controls armed force, resources and the terms of negotiation? How do Sudanese civilian organisations enter peace processes, and which commitments on protection and humanitarian access are implemented?
Evidence to examine: Ceasefire texts, mediation records, civilian submissions, UN and African monitoring, sanctions instruments and trade records.
How are power-sharing, security arrangements and electoral commitments translated into decisions? Who is included in the transition, and how do oil revenue, public spending and displacement affect political participation?
Evidence to examine: Peace-agreement provisions, monitoring reports, electoral rules, budgets and documented civic interventions.
How do military operations, armed movements, land claims and regional diplomacy reshape authority in eastern Congo and neighbouring states? Which institutions verify agreements and protect displaced people?
Evidence to examine: Agreements and verification mechanisms, UN expert reports, court records, land documents and independently corroborated local reporting.
How do military-led governments justify and exercise authority? What changes through AES–ECOWAS relations, security partnerships, control of resources and restrictions on political participation?
Evidence to examine: Transition charters, regional treaties, public procurement, mobility rules, security agreements and documented civilian experience.
How do state institutions, armed actors, international missions and security partners exercise authority? Through which documented arrangements do mining, protection and public revenue become connected?
Evidence to examine: Mission mandates, agreements, mining registers, budgets, UN reporting and judicial records.
How do federal, state and local institutions distribute revenue, protection and political voice? What do electoral disputes, insurgency responses and resource governance reveal about accountability?
Evidence to examine: Court judgments, electoral records, federal allocations, parliamentary documents and independently verified reporting.
How are peace commitments, contested territorial administration and civilian protection implemented in Ethiopia and Tigray? How do Somalia’s federal relationships, security institutions and Red Sea politics shape political authority?
Evidence to examine: Agreement texts, implementation reports, constitutional documents, mission mandates and verified civilian accounts; each case keeps its own chronology.
How do governments, movements and economic actors negotiate authority in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Mauritania and Egypt? How do borders, migration arrangements, energy and external partnerships affect rights and public power?
Evidence to examine: Laws, judgments, parliamentary and civic records, migration agreements, budgets and energy contracts.
How do laws, policing, employment and political mobilisation produce inclusion or exclusion? How do African migrants and diasporas organise against xenophobia, racism and unequal treatment?
Evidence to examine: Immigration rules, court decisions, official investigations, labour evidence and documented community organising, with country-specific attribution.
How do particular lending, infrastructure, mining, trade and security arrangements allocate ownership, obligations and decision-making power to African institutions and communities?
How do EU institutions and individual European governments negotiate migration, military cooperation, trade, energy, aid and historical responsibility with African counterparts?
Through which agreements and actors are military assistance, political support, information campaigns and resource interests organised, and who exercises oversight?
How do diplomacy, sanctions, investment, security cooperation and access to strategic resources interact with African governments’ and citizens’ priorities?
How do the distinct policies of the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and other Gulf governments operate through mediation, ports, investment, food systems and security relationships?
How do the AU, regional organisations, governments, civic movements and diasporas negotiate among competing interests and hold their own representatives accountable?
Who makes binding decisions, through which institutions and with whose consent?
Who commands forces, who finances them, and what verified evidence establishes responsibility for civilian harm?
Which contracts, revenues, ownership structures and material interests sustain an arrangement?
How do citizenship, ethnicity, race, religion, gender and displacement shape access to rights and political voice?
Hutu, Tutsi and other identities are examined through specific histories of classification, citizenship, political mobilisation and lived experience. Responsibility for violence belongs to identifiable actors and documented actions. Distinct communities, states and armed organisations retain their own histories and internal differences.