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International relations & political economy

African agency in relations with China, Europe, Russia, the US and Gulf states; diplomacy, military cooperation, trade, debt, resources and sovereignty.

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9 publications

9 publications

An archival chromolithograph detail shows Menelik II enthroned among religious and political figures.
Menelik II’s coronation: detail from an 1890 chromolithograph after Pio Joris (1843–1921), depicting the 1889 ceremony. Library of Congress, Ethiopian Collection. Digital reproduction date unrecorded.
Pio Joris / Library of Congress, African and Middle Eastern Division · Public domain
Image details

Coronation of Menelik II — archival chromolithograph detail

Historical record: 1890 print depicting 1889 coronation; reproduction date unrecorded.

Converted the source JPEG to WebP with original dimensions and framing preserved. Source is a detail already cropped by the Library of Congress. Original artist died in 1921; 1890 publication. Faithful reproduction of a public-domain visual artwork.

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Adwa: treaty language, defended sovereignty and political memory

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A brass plaque shows a centrally placed mounted king with attendants of different sizes.
Plaque with equestrian ọ́bà (king) and attendants, Court of Benin, ca. 1540–70. Ìgùn Ẹ́rọ̀nwwọ̀n guild artists; The Met, 1978.412.309. Historical object; reproduction date unrecorded.
Ìgùn Ẹ́rọ̀nwwọ̀n guild artists / The Metropolitan Museum of Art · CC0 1.0
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Plaque with equestrian ọ́bà (king) and attendants

Historical record: ca. 1540–70 (object); photograph date unrecorded.

Converted the source JPEG to WebP with original dimensions and framing preserved. No crop or content edits; museum image released through its CC0 Open Access programme.

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Benin’s royal art: authority, colonial seizure and the politics of restitution

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6 sources
Kate Foster seated behind the United Kingdom placard while speaking at the UN Security Council.
Kate Foster addresses the UN Security Council on Sudan, New York, 16 October 2026. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.
Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office / Crown copyright
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Kate Foster addresses the Security Council on Sudan, 16 October 2026

Image date: 2026-10-16.

Converted from the original PNG to WebP; dimensions and framing unchanged. No content edits.

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Sudan’s mediation tracks approach Geneva with civilian political participation at stake

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Musalia Mudavadi speaking at a lectern at the National Defence College
Musalia Mudavadi addresses the National Defence College in Karen, Nairobi, 14 October 2026. Kenya Ministry of Defence / APO Group.
Ministry of Defence, Kenya / APO Group
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Musalia Mudavadi addresses the National Defence College in Karen, Nairobi, 14 October 2026

Image date: 2026-10-14.

Full frame preserved, converted to lossless WebP. Individual photographer not supplied by the publisher. Visible KDF watermark retained.

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Kenya’s defence-college lecture places diplomacy inside the security debate

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Wire and stakes extend across a dry landscape along the Namibia–Botswana boundary in 2018.
The Namibia–Botswana boundary fence, photographed 19 October 2018.
Hp.Baumeler · CC BY-SA 4.0
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Border fence Namibia Botswana (2018)

Historical record: 2018-10-19.

Full-frame 1280 × 853 Commons thumbnail converted losslessly to WebP. No additional crop, retouching or generated content.

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The OAU’s border settlement: sovereignty, liberation and cooperation

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6 sources
Sunlight enters the ruined coral-stone mosque interior through pointed arches and roof openings at Kilwa Kisiwani.
Inside the Great Mosque at Kilwa Kisiwani, photographed on 16 July 2016. Janetmpurdy / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0.
Janetmpurdy · CC BY-SA 4.0
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Great Mosque Kilwa Kisiwani Tanzania

Historical record: 2016-07-16.

Full frame preserved at original 1086 × 724 dimensions; converted to lossless WebP. No crop, retouching or generated elements. Image redistribution retains CC BY-SA 4.0.

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Kilwa’s trading cities: how archaeology reveals an African urban history

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Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa and Christian Rogg with their teams beside a Ghana flag
Samuel Okudzeto Ablakwa and British High Commissioner Christian Rogg with their teams, Ghana, 9 October 2026. Ghana MFA / APO Group.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Ghana / APO Group
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Ghana foreign minister and UK High Commissioner, 9 October 2026

Image date: 2026-10-09.

Converted to lossless WebP without cropping; the full distributed image and visible watermark are preserved. Individual photographer not supplied by the publisher.

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Ghana brings reparatory justice into its 9 October talks with the UK

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7 sources
Ibrahim Njoya sits with a pen at a table holding an open book, surrounded by several attendants.
Ibrahim Njoya in his study at Foumban, 25 May 1917. Photograph by Frédéric Gadmer. Médiathèque du patrimoine et de la photographie, AP62T121311, via Wikimedia Commons; CC BY-SA 4.0.
Frédéric Gadmer / Médiathèque du patrimoine et de la photographie (France) · CC BY-SA 4.0
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Njoya in his study, Foumban, 25 May 1917 (AP62T121311)

Historical record: 1917-05-25.

Converted to lossless WebP without cropping or changing the image content. Credit: Ministère de la Culture, Médiathèque du patrimoine et de la photographie, AP62T121311; diffusion GrandPalaisRmn Photo. The image is reused under CC BY-SA 4.0.

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Bamum’s royal archive: writing, authority and the making of historical memory

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Denys Denya speaking at a lectern at the Africa Credit Rating Agency launch in Mauritius
Denys Denya, Senior Executive Vice President of Afreximbank, addresses the launch of the Africa Credit Rating Agency in Port Louis, Mauritius, 7 October 2026.
Afreximbank via APO Group
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AfCRA launch, Port Louis, 7 October 2026

Image date: 2026-10-07.

Resized and converted to WebP; layout crops may apply. Individual photographer not supplied. Permission covers the image distributed with this release.

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Africa’s new credit-rating agency puts data and independence at the centre of financial sovereignty

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6 sources